The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over. Therefore a professional partnership between the officers in the Services and civilian scientists is needed. In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . 4 Citations. Such ravaging diseases as yellow fever, dysentery, typhus, tetanus, pneumonia, and meningitis have been all but conquered by penicillin and the sulfa drugs, the insecticide DDT, better vaccines, and improved hygenic measures. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. off. . Available as While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. . It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. Presentation of budgets of financial needs for the work of the Division. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. Offer good on select hardcover titles only. 1,160. Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. For the general good of the country too many such men have gone into uniform, and their talents have not always been fully utilized. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. Progress in the war against disease results from discoveries in remote and unexpected fields of medicine and the underlying sciences. Save. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nations health, security, and prosperity. Directions. ScienceThe Endless Frontier, and the Next 75 Years in Science With Robbert Dijkgraaf 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report "ScienceThe Endless Frontier," which created a blueprint for U.S. scientific research in the post-World War II era. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. 3. This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. Division of National Defense. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. VII. To a considerable extent this progress reflected the liberal financial support from university endowment income, gifts from individuals, and foundation grants in the 20's. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. Although these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. All of the medical and public health groups share credit for these achievements; they form interdependent members of a team. Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. The search for better anti-malarials, which proceeded at a moderate tempo for many years, has been accelerated enormously by Government support during the war. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. Consider, for example, water. - The success of the National Research Foundation in promoting scientific research in this country will depend to a very large degree upon the cooperation of organizations outside the Government. Malaria has been controlled. For more than 5 years many of our scientists have been fighting the war in the laboratories, in the factories and shops, and at the front. During the same period research within Government -- again largely applied research -- has also been greatly expanded. Apart from teaching, however, the primary obligation of the medical schools and universities is to continue the traditional function of such institutions, namely, to provide the individual worker with an opportunity for free, untrammeled study of nature, in the directions and by the methods suggested by his interests, curiosity, and imagination. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. Author (s) Praise 18. However, the job of long-range research involving application of the newest scientific discoveries to military needs should be the responsibility of those civilian scientists in the universities and in industry who are best trained to discharge it thoroughly and successfully. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. Science, the Endless Frontier, which asserted a dichotomy between basic and applied science. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. Businessmen would thus be able to make more use of research than they now do. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. Budget. . In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. Even if it be shown subsequently that he has not what it takes to go to the top, he will go further than he would otherwise go if there had been a ceiling beyond which he always knew he could not aspire. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. July 1945 Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director . and instead cite the study itself. This view was at the core Expand. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. 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