[33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. [138] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. [121][nb 17], Having released the Empress, Stephen focused on pacifying the south-west of England. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. It is possible, however, that Stephen had already begun to consider passing over Eustace's claim; historian Edmund King observes that Eustace's claim to the throne was not mentioned in the discussions at Wallingford, for example, and this may have added to his anger. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial landsusually considered to be the most valuableand younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. [196] In 1148, Stephen built the Cluniac Faversham Abbey as a resting place for his family. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. [42] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. Barlow, pp. In 1106 he invaded and captured the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, defeating Robert's army at the battle of Tinchebray. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. Watch Now. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in "new men" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. [46] Stephen, however, was in Boulogne, and when news reached him of Henry's death he left for England, accompanied by his military household. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. [150] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [160] Oxford was a secure town, protected by walls and the river Isis, but Stephen led a sudden attack across the river, leading the charge and swimming part of the way. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. [94] Unfortunately, the powerful Ranulf I, Earl of Chester, considered himself to hold the traditional rights to Carlisle and Cumberland and was extremely displeased to see them being given to the Scots. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. [13] Adela and Theobald allied themselves with Henry, and Stephen's mother decided to place him in Henry's court. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. [204] Since the only person who could crown Eustace was Archbishop Theobald, who refused to do so without agreement from the current pope, Eugene III, the matter reached an impasse. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. King, Edmund. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! [110][nb 14], Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way. [143] Stephen agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him, and the clergy gathered again in Winchester after Easter to declare the Empress "Lady of England and Normandy" as a precursor to her coronation. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. Davies, R. H. C. (1964) "What happened in Stephen's reign 113554?". [56] The Normans argued that the count, as the more senior grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [221] Although Stephen's son William was unprepared to challenge Henry for the throne in 1153, the situation could well have shifted in subsequent yearsthere were widespread rumours during 1154 that William planned to assassinate Henry, for example. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. 50m. [119] The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. [165] On this occasion, however, William Martel, Stephen's steward, made a fierce rear guard effort, allowing Stephen to escape from the battlefield. Common until the late 18th century. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. 50m. [67] A wide range of nobles gathered at Westminster for the event, including many of the Anglo-Norman barons and most of the higher officials of the church. (Official Music Video) Stephen Sharer 9.25M subscribers Subscribe 192K Share Save 32M views 3 years ago MORE MUSIC VIDEOS!! [100], Stephen's military campaign in England had progressed well, and historian David Crouch describes it as "a military achievement of the first rank". [58][nb 8], Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. [189] The Angevin plan involved Ranulf agreeing to give up his claim to Carlisle, held by the Scots, in return for being given the rights to the whole of the Honour of Lancaster; Ranulf would give homage to both David and Henry FitzEmpress, with Henry having seniority. Common until the late 18th century. [147] No help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald this time either, who appears to have been preoccupied with his own problems with Francethe new French king, Louis VII, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou and taking a more bellicose line with Theobald, which would result in war the following year. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. [43] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. [47] Nonetheless, Stephen probably reached his own estate on the edge of London by 8 December and over the next week he began to seize power in England. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. The spelling as An argument then broke out between a group of reformers based in York and backed by Bernard of Clairvaux, the head of the Cistercian order, who preferred William of Rievaulx as the new archbishop, and Stephen and his brother Henry, who preferred various Blois family relatives. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. [236] Later chronicles written during the reign of Henry II were generally more negative: Walter Map, for example, described Stephen as "a fine knight, but in other respects almost a fool". [180] Numerous "adulterine", or unauthorised, castles had been built as bases for local lordsthe chronicler Robert of Torigny complained that as many as 1,115 such castles had been built during the conflict, although this was probably an exaggeration as elsewhere he suggested an alternative figure of 126. [222] Historian Graham White describes the treaty of Winchester as a "precarious peace", in line with the judgement of most modern historians that the situation in late 1153 was still uncertain and unpredictable. [39] His wife, Matilda, played a major role in running their vast English estates, which contributed to the couple being the second-richest lay household in the country after the King and Queen. He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. Stephen lost the towns of Oxford and Stamford to Henry while the King was diverted fighting Hugh Bigod in the east of England, but Nottingham Castle survived an Angevin attempt to capture it. 187188. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [26], With William Adelin dead, Henry had only one other legitimate child, the future Empress Matilda, but as a woman she was at a substantial political disadvantage. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. [185] The Second Crusade was announced, and many Angevin supporters, including Waleran of Beaumont, joined it, leaving the region for several years. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. Several of the key chronicles were written in the south-west of England, including the Gesta Stephani, or "Acts of Stephen", and William of Malmesbury's Historia Novella, or "New History". (1984) "The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign". Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France as the fourth son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [89] Stephen was also rapidly running out of money: Henry's considerable treasury had been emptied by 1138 due to the costs of running Stephen's more lavish court and the need to raise and maintain his mercenary armies fighting in England and Normandy. [202] When Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, went to consult with the Pope on the matter against Stephen's wishes, the King refused to allow him back into England either, and seized his estates. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. [151], Stephen's wife Matilda played a critical part in keeping the King's cause alive during his captivity. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. [94] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. 279280; Bradbury, p. 187. [70] The Easter court was a lavish event, and a large amount of money was spent on the event itself, clothes and gifts. [65] Stephen rapidly marched north with an army and met David at Durham. [250], Stephen of Blois married Matilda of Boulogne in 1125. [139] Finally, he was overwhelmed by Robert's men and taken away from the field in custody. [95] The cost of warfare had risen considerably in the first part of the 12th century, and adequate supplies of ready cash were increasingly proving important in the success of campaigns. [13], Henry responded by forming a network of alliances with the western counties of France against Louis, resulting in a regional conflict that would last throughout Stephen's early life. [69] He portrayed himself as the natural successor to Henry's policies, and reconfirmed the existing seven earldoms in the kingdom on their existing holders. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. Helmerichs, pp. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. [132] Stephen marched north to Lincoln and agreed to a truce with Ranulf, probably to keep him from joining the Empress's faction, under which Ranulf would be allowed to keep the castle. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. Medieval financial figures are notoriously hard to convert into modern currency; for comparison, 2,000 marks equated to around 1,333 in a period in which a major castle rebuilding project might cost around 1,115. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. [34] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of a concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy somewhat earlier than intended. [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [228] Stephen's daughter Marie I, Countess of Boulogne, also survived her father; she had been placed in a convent by Stephen, but after his death she left and married. 159160; Chibnall, pp. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. The spelling as WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. [143] Henry handed over the royal treasury, rather depleted except for Stephen's crown, to the Empress, and excommunicated many of Stephen's supporters who refused to switch sides. [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. He had made a private deal with the Empress Matilda that he would deliver the support of the church, if she agreed to give him control over church business in England. (Official Music Video) Stephen Sharer 9.25M subscribers Subscribe 192K Share Save 32M views 3 years ago MORE MUSIC VIDEOS!! (2000) "Ellis Peters: Brother Cadfael," in Browne, Ray Broadus and Lawrence A. Kreiser. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ King (2010), pp. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [210], Over the summer, Stephen intensified the long-running siege of Wallingford Castle in a final attempt to take this major Angevin stronghold. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [54][nb 7], Meanwhile, the Norman nobility gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring Theobald king, probably following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England. King, Edmund. [78] Henry wanted to succeed to the post, but Stephen instead supported Theobald of Bec, who was eventually appointed. King (2010), p. 9; Crouch (2002), p. 241. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. [164] Stephen attempted to break out and escape, resulting in the battle of Wilton. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. [171] By this point, however, Stephen's practice of inviting barons to court and arresting them had brought him into some disrepute and increasing distrust. Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. Watch Now. [240] Stubbs' analysis, focusing on the disorder of the period, influenced his student John Round to coin the term "the Anarchy" to describe the period, a label that, whilst sometimes critiqued, continues to be used today. [139][nb 19], Robert took Stephen back to Gloucester, where the King met with the Empress Matilda, and was then moved to Bristol Castle, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners. [172] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. [198] Stephen's dispute with the church had its origins in 1140, when Archbishop Thurstan of York died. [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. France in the Middle Ages 9871460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. [244] Stephen's lack of sound policy judgement and his mishandling of international affairs, leading to the loss of Normandy and his consequent inability to win the civil war in England, is also highlighted by another of his biographers, David Crouch. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. [221] Despite the issuing of new currency and administrative reforms, Stephen might potentially have lived for many more years, whilst Henry's position on the continent was far from secure. Writing Medieval Biography, 7501250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. [203], Nonetheless, the pressure on Stephen to get Eustace confirmed as his legitimate heir continued to grow. [44], When news began to spread of Henry I's death, many of the potential claimants to the throne were not well placed to respond. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. 50m. [21], In 1120, the English political landscape changed dramatically. As a result, slow sieges to starve defenders out, or mining operations to undermine walls, tended to be preferred by commanders over direct assaults. (2000) "Stephen of Blois, count of Mortain and Boulogne". Once again, the Angevin cavalry proved too strong, and for a moment it appeared that Stephen might be captured for a second time. (ed) (1998), Coss, Peter. He also worked with space-time singularities. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 01:15. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. The royal administration under Henry I had been headed by Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, supported by Roger's nephews, Alexander and Nigel, the Bishops of Lincoln and Ely respectively, and Roger's son, Lord Chancellor Roger le Poer. 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