[2][3][4] Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York Police Department Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) initiated a parallel criminal investigation. [1]:1 After the owner of the baggage in question was confirmed to be on board, the flight crew prepared for departure, and the aircraft pushed back from Gate 27 at the TWA Flight Center. "The explosion that occurred on TWA 800 was in the center wing fuel tank and was not from anything external," he says. The FQIS on Flight 800 is known to have been malfunctioning; the captain remarked on "crazy" readings from the system about 2 minutes and 30 seconds before the aircraft exploded. News. "It's a matter of sensitivity," she said. TWA Flight 800 autopsy reports released HAUPPAUGE, N.Y., Jan. 3 -- Autopsy reports are being released to the families of victims from TWA Flight 800, which exploded and crashed in July. Death On Flight 800. [1]:288. Only 15 of the 230 bodies have not been recovered. [59], The wreckage was moved to an NTSB facility in Ashburn, Virginia, that was custom-built for the purpose. CNN's traffic quadrupled to 3.9 million views per day. In addition, it restricts lawyers and other parties from contacting family members within 30 days of the accident. [1]:290 Finally, the CWT fuel quantity gauge was recovered and indicated 640pounds instead of the 300pounds that had been loaded into that tank. He said the bodies will be identified through medical records and interview materials. The explosion that occurred on TWA 800 was in the center wing fuel tank and was not from anything external, he says. [1]:109 After about 34 seconds (based on information from witness documents), the outer portions of both the right and left wings failed. [1]:259, Although it was unable to determine the exact source of the trace amounts of explosive residue found on the wreckage, the lack of any other corroborating evidence associated with a high-energy explosion led the NTSB to conclude, "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a bomb or missile strike. These tests simulated a fuel-air explosion in the CWT by igniting a propane-air mixture; this resulted in the failure of the tank structure due to overpressure. The NTSB concluded, "the ignition energy for the CWT explosion most likely entered the CWT through the FQIS wiring. The flight departed at 8:19 p.m. in muggy, but "fairly clear" weather, according to The New York Times, blowing apart in a fiery explosion 12 minutes later. [1]:63 In one of the largest diver-assisted salvage operations ever conducted, often working in very difficult and dangerous conditions, over 95% of the airplane wreckage was eventually recovered. [1]:313 Meanwhile, initial witness descriptions led many to believe the cause of the crash was a bomb or surface-to-air missile attack. [citation needed], For the FQIS to have been Flight 800's ignition source, a transfer of higher-than-normal voltage to the FQIS would have needed to occur, as well as some mechanism whereby the excess energy was released by the FQIS wiring into the CWT. The MOU states that: [t]his procedure is intendedto ensure that neither NTSB nor FBI investigative activity unnecessarily complicates or compromises the other agencys investigation. As a result of the investigation, new requirements were developed for aircraft to prevent future fuel tank explosions. A List of the Passengers and Crew Aboard Ill-Fated TWA Flight 800 L.A. Times Archives July 20, 1996 12 AM PT Here is a complete list of the 230 people, including four cockpit crew members and. [44]:12[52], The NTSB's review of the released witness documents determined that they contained 736 witness accounts, of which 258 were characterized as "streak of light" witnesses ("an object moving in the sky variously described [as] a point of light, fireworks, a flare, a shooting star, or something similar. The rule covered the CWT on all new passenger and cargo airliners, and passenger planes built in most of the 1990s, but not old cargo planes. Flight 800 lawsuit puts focus on fuel pump - Dec . Dr. Wetli began releasing them this week, saying the families had to contact him in writing to obtain the documents. Results: All 230 passengers of TWA Flight 800 were recovered as fatalities. [1]:290 Experiments showed that applying power to a wire leading to the fuel quantity gauge can cause the digital display to change by several hundred pounds before the circuit breaker trips. [70], For almost 25 years, the wreckage of Flight 800 was kept by the NTSB and used as an accident-investigation teaching aid. Among the most valuable aids, said Wetli, is a picture of the victim smiling; the teeth in the picture could be matched against those of bodies. Each agency can call upon the other's laboratories and other assets. [63] The NTSB had first recommended such a rule just five months after the incident and 33 years after a similar recommendation issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board Bureau of Safety on December 17, 1963, nine days after the crash of Pan Am Flight 214. HAUPPAUGE, New York (CNN) -- The Suffolk County medical examiner has released the first autopsy report on the victims from TWA Flight 800. [1]:257 The breakup also could have been initiated by an in-flight separation of the forward cargo door like the disasters on board Turkish Airlines Flight 981 or United Airlines Flight 811, but all evidence indicated that the door was closed and locked at impact. [1]:259 The NTSB concluded that it was "quite possible" that the explosive residue detected was transferred from military ships or ground vehicles, or the clothing and boots of military personnel, onto the wreckage during or after the recovery operation and was not present when the aircraft crashed into the water. [1]:6574 The green zone with the aft portion of the aircraft was located the furthest along the flight path. However, I think the most compelling reason to say it was not shot down is that no one has ever claimed responsibility for any act against the plane. [1]:367 The cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder were recovered by U.S. Navy divers one week after the accident; they were immediately shipped to the NTSB laboratory in Washington, DC, for readout. The NTSB Final Report gives Oliver Krick's age as being 24. He had 17,000 flight hours, with more than 4,700 of them on the Boeing 747. A plastic bomb would not leave such traces, he emphasized. [6], The four-year NTSB investigation concluded with the approval of the Aircraft Accident Report on August 23, 2000, ending the most extensive, complex and costly air disaster investigation in U.S. history at that time. [54]:6. [32]:2, With lines of authority unclear, differences in agendas and culture between the FBI and NTSB resulted in discord. The new statutory language and the MOU have improved coordination between the NTSB and FBI since the TWA flight 800 accident. The NTSB's conclusions about the cause of the TWA 800 disaster took four years and one month to be published. [36][37][38], Grief turned to anger at TWA's delay in confirming the passenger list,[33] conflicting information from agencies and officials,[39]:1 and mistrust of the recovery operation's priorities. According to Oakley, the 25 years following the tragic Flight 800 crash have included the safest years in U.S. commercial aviation history. Anyone can read what you share. Although the source that led to the explosion was never discovered, the investigation concluded the crashs cause was not a terrorist attack, but an electrical failure that ignited a nearly empty center wing fuel tank in the 25-year-old aircraft. [19], On board TWA 800 were 230 people, including 18 crew and 20 off-duty employees,[20] most of whom were crew meant to cover the Paris-Rome leg of the flight. So far, Wetli said he cannot rule out a bomb as the cause, but he said he has found no evidence of one, such as metal and bomb parts trapped in bodies. Below is a list of those on board, according to family, friends or officials . ``I don't think anybody was conscious as they fell from 13,000 feet to the water. THE DEAD DO SOMETIMES TELL tales, if you know how to look for them. [1]:229, Examination of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder data showed a normal takeoff and climb,[15]:4 with the aircraft in normal flight[46]:2 before both abruptly stopped at 8:31:12pm. [14] During refueling of the aircraft, the volumetric shutoff (VSO) control was believed to have been triggered before the tanks were full. According to WNYC, on July 17, 1996, the doomed Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800 Boeing 747-131 jetliner was heading from New York City towards Paris, and was scheduled to stop there before continuing on to its final destination in Rome. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 ( TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31 pm. In addition to the probable cause, the NTSB found the following contributing factors to the accident:[1]:308, During the course of its investigation, and in its final report, the NTSB issued 15 safety recommendations, mostly covering fuel tank and wiring-related issues. January 3, 1997. He said most have massive injuries, adding that it would be "irresponsible and inhumane" to allow families to see the victims, or even to see photographs of their bodies. Victims and wreckage were recovered by scuba divers and ROVs; later scallop trawlers were used to recover wreckage embedded in the sea floor. [32]:3 Ultimately, remains of all 230 victims were recovered and identified, the last over 10 months after the crash. [1]:3 "[41]:4 Meanwhile, the NTSB was required to refute or play down speculation about conclusions and evidence, frequently supplied to reporters by law enforcement officials and politicians. "[1]:270. [31]:3[41]:4 The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, an invited party to the NTSB investigation, criticized the undocumented removal by FBI agents of wreckage from the hangar where it was stored. [1]:263, Only the FAA radar facility in North Truro, Massachusetts, using specialized processing software from the United States Air Force 84th Radar Evaluation Squadron, was capable of estimating the altitude of TWA 800 after it lost power due to the CWT explosion. [An] explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. [32]:2, Relatives of TWA 800 passengers and crew, as well as the media, gathered at the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel. Of the 230 passengers and crew believed killed in the crash of TWA Flight 800, searchers have found 100 bodies so far, and the Suffolk County medical examiner's office . The NTSB was never able to pin-point the precise cause, but it was clear that it was from within the tank.. 22a, p. 66, Wreckage found in each zone corresponded to specific areas of the aircraft[1]:fig. Thus, the gauge anomaly could have been caused by a short to the FQIS wiring. [1]:272279 After analysis, the investigation determined that these potential sources were "very unlikely" to have been the source of ignition. [69], The TWA Flight 800 International Memorial was dedicated in a 2-acre (8,100m2) parcel immediately adjoining the main pavilion at Smith Point County Park in Shirley, New York, on July 14, 2004. By 2021, the methods taught using the wreckage were determined to no longer be relevant to modern accident investigation, which by then relied heavily on new technology, including three-dimensional laser-scanning techniques. Whenever they turn on their televisions, the oceanfront resort of East Moriches is associated not with pleasure but with the horror of the Flight 800 crash, since it is the community closest to the crash site 10 miles south in the ocean. Among other things, the act gives NTSB, instead of the particular airline involved, responsibility for coordinating services to the families of victims of fatal aircraft accidents in the United States. It's no more emotionally stressful than a doctor who deals every day with childhood leukemia. 22b, p. 67, The pathways the wreckage took as it fell to the ocean[1]:fig. During this time, quenching was identified as an issue, where the explosion would extinguish itself as it passed through the complex structure of the CWT. According to Purvis, the safety board addressed the missile idea in its report. [42], Although considerable discrepancies existed between different accounts, most witnesses to the accident had seen a "streak of light" that was described by 38 of 258 witnesses as ascending,[1]:232 moving to a point where a large fireball appeared, with several witnesses reporting that the fireball split in two as it descended toward the water. [33] Many waited until the remains of their family members had been recovered, identified, and released. From Coast Guard crews who became physically ill as waves tossed their search boat to doctors performing autopsies and X-rays in an atmosphere described by one as "a horror movie turned real," the toll of the Flight 800 disaster became increasingly vivid today on its behind-the-scenes players. First autopsy report released from TWA 800 crash - January 3, 1997. [1]:58 The victims' remains were transported to the Suffolk County Medical Examiner's Office in Hauppauge, New York. Flight that exploded and crashed in 1996 off the coast of New York, The reconstructed wreckage of TWA 800, stored at. But even though we're physicians, we're still human. The aircraft was refueled, and a crew change was made; the new flight crew consisted of 58-year-old Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian (who had flown for TWA for 31 years and the U.S. Air Force for 9 years), 57-year-old Captain/Check Airman Steven E. Snyder (who had flown for TWA for 32 years), and 63-year-old Flight Engineer/Check Airman Richard G. Campbell Jr. (who had flown for TWA for 30 years and the U.S. Air Force for 12 years), as well as 25-year-old flight engineer trainee Oliver Krick (who previously served as a business pilot for 4 years), who had flown for TWA for 26 days and was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training. [1]:100 The Sequencing Group concluded that the first event in the breakup sequence was a fracture in the wing center section of the aircraft, caused by an "overpressure event" in the center wing fuel tank (CWT). These plugs were blown out following the explosion of Flight 800. [1]:256, At the start of FBI's investigation, because of the possibility that international terrorists might have been involved, assistance was requested from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The suspension prolonged an already arduous search. The . But for men and women untrained in dealing with trauma -- a group that includes thousands of vacationers who had come to this area for rest and restoration -- the pain of the crash is much harder to bear. [1]:89 Attention was drawn to data from the Islip, New York, ARTCC facility that showed three tracks in the vicinity of TWA 800 that did not appear in any of the other radar data. [1]:261 A major reason for the flammability of the fuel-air vapor in the CWT of the 747 was the large amount of heat generated and transferred to the CWT by air conditioning packs located directly below the tank;[1]:298 with the CWT temperature raised to a sufficient level, a single ignition source could cause an explosion. [9], The accident airplane, registration N93119 (a Boeing 747-131), was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern cancelled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by Trans World Airlines. [44]:10 With access to these documents no longer controlled by the FBI, the NTSB formed a second witness group to review the documents. Evidence of arcing was found in a wire bundle that included FQIS wiring connecting to the center wing tank. [1]:2 Weather in the area was light winds with scattered clouds,[1]:256 with dusk lighting conditions. [1]:4 The last radio transmission from the airplane occurred at 8:30pm, when the flight crew received and then acknowledged instructions from Boston Center to climb to 15,000 feet (4,600m). EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. 22c, p. 68, Recovery locations of the wreckage from the ocean (the red, yellow, and green zones) clearly indicated: (1) the red area pieces (from the forward portion of the wing center section and a ring of fuselage directly in front) were the earliest pieces to separate from the airplane; (2) the forward fuselage section departed simultaneously with or shortly after the red area pieces, landing relatively intact in the yellow zone; (3) the green area pieces (wings and the aft portion of the fuselage) remained intact for a period after the separation of the forward fuselage, and impacted the water in the green zone. The coroner who oversaw the autopsies on most of the victims of T.W.A. This authority includes interviewing witnesses. ''They are very cold, chilling documents,'' he said. New York's Pataki asks feds to help pay for TWA recovery - December 27, 1996. [49]:34, Fire damage and soot deposits on the recovered wreckage indicated that some areas of fire existed on the airplane as it continued in crippled flight after the loss of the forward fuselage. "There are 200 human beings who are now nonexistent, and those are people someone loved, and it could have been someone we loved. While some victims' bodies were mostly intact, most were either burned, fragmented, skeletonized, or decaying, so they had to be identified by DNA testing and dental records. [1]:109,263 Shortly after, the left wing separated from what remained of the main fuselage, which resulted in further development of the fuel-fed fireballs as the pieces of wreckage fell to the ocean. CAPTION: A flower shop sign on Highway 25 outside East Moriches carries sentiments felt by many along the south shore of Long Island, closest land to crash site. He acknowledged that families of the victims are extremely impatient for their loved ones to be identified; 16 have been tentatively identified and the dentist colleague has been positively identified along with his wife traveling with him on Flight 800. [57] In a press release, the NTSB stated: "After a thorough review of all the information provided by the petitioners, the NTSB denied the petition in its entirety because the evidence and analysis presented did not show the original findings were incorrect. The elimination of the possibility of any reoccurrence of the same kind of incident is virtually always the fruit of an extensive accident investigation, and this one was certainly about as extensive as humanly possible.. Flight engineer trainee Krick was seated in the flight engineer's seat (being monitored by Flight Engineer/Check Airman Campbell); he was the least experienced of the crew, having logged 2,520 flight hours, but with only 30 of them on the Boeing 747. [44]:78, In February 1998, the FBI, having closed its active investigation, agreed to fully release the witness summaries to the NTSB. New York's Pataki asks feds to help pay for TWA recovery - December 27, 1996. Any parts of the plane that cannot be recycled will be disposed of in landfills. Witnesses in the area of the crash reported seeing an explosion in the night sky, followed by a shower of flaming debris. So losing Flight 800 to an in-flight explosion of another kind was a very rare event indeed.. ")[1]:230 The NTSB witness group concluded that the streak of light reported by witnesses might have been the actual airplane during some stage of its flight before the fireball developed, noting that most of the 258 streak-of-light accounts were generally consistent with the calculated flightpath of the accident airplane after the CWT explosion. In November 1996, the FBI agreed to allow the NTSB access to summaries of witness accounts in which personally identifying information had been redacted and to conduct a limited number of witness interviews. The captain commented on the "crazy" readings of the number 4 engine fuel flow gauge about 21/2 minutes before the CVR recording ended. TWA800 was behind the target, and with the likely forward-looking perspective of the target's occupant(s), the occupants would not have been in a position to observe the aircraft's breakup or subsequent explosions or fireball(s). [1]:118 According to the seat manufacturer, the locations and appearance of this substance were consistent with adhesive used in the construction of the seats, and additional laboratory testing by NASA identified the substance as being consistent with adhesives. To me, it is impossible for secrets like this to be kept secret very long.. Two Coast Guard crew members who spent two days and nights pulling bodies from the ocean were so traumatized by what they had seen and touched that they were in serious emotional distress, according to local watermen who know them. ", Later in the day, a second dentist emerged from the medical examiner's office and talked with composure about having helped identify his colleague. All Rights Reserved. The lighthouse statue was designed by Harry Edward Seaman, whose cousin died in the crash, and dedicated by George Pataki. As of 2005[update], NTSB and FBI personnel conduct joint exercises. The investigation of the crash of T.W.A. English: This photograph is part of the National Transportation Safety Board accident report for TWA Flight 800. [1]:257 The NTSB concluded that "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a pre-existing condition resulting in a structural failure and decompression. [1]:3, Thirty-eight seconds later, the captain of an Eastwind Airlines Boeing 737 reported to Boston ARTCC that he "just saw an explosion out here", adding, "we just saw an explosion up ahead of us here about 16,000 feet [4,900m] or something like that, it just went down into the water. [1]:93 None of these sequences intersected TWA 800's position at any time, either. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 was carrying 230 people, including four cockpit crew members and 14 flight attendants. [62], On July 18, 2008, the U.S secretary of transportation visited the facility and announced a final rule designed to prevent accidents caused by fuel-tank explosions. They ask about shoe size and even type of shoes, since some victims were found with shoes still on. [1]:273, Similarly, the investigation considered the possibility that a small explosive charge placed on the CWT could have been the ignition source. The four-year investigation into what caused the crash of Trans World Airlines Flight 800 was the longest, and at $40 million, the priciest in the history of the National Transportation Safety Board. [1]:118, Further examination of the airplane structure, seats, and other interior components found no damage typically associated with a high-energy explosion of a bomb or missile warhead ("severe pitting, cratering, petalling, or hot-gas washing"). [44]:7 From November 1996 through April 1997, this group reviewed summaries of witness accounts on loan from the FBI (with personal information redacted), and conducted interviews with crewmembers from a New York Air National Guard HH-60 helicopter and C-130 airplane, as well as a U.S. Navy P-3 airplane that was flying in the vicinity of TWA 800 at the time of the accident. The FBI interviewed at least 755 witnesses. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board. [1]:270, To determine what ignited the flammable fuel-air vapor in the CWT and caused the explosion, the NTSB evaluated numerous potential ignition sources. [1]:298, Computer modeling[1]:122123 and scale-model testing[1]:123 were used to predict and demonstrate how an explosion would progress in a 747 CWT. The board determined that the probable cause of the TWA 800 accident was:[1]:308. July 22, 1996 12 AM PT. So far, most of the recovered bodies that pathologists are examining have been "relatively intact," said Wetli, but he emphasized that "relative" is itself a relative term. [5] Sixteen months later, the JTTF announced that no evidence of a criminal act had been found and closed its active investigation. I spent a fair amount of time examining the wreckage, looking for signs of missile/projectile entry. Expressing frustration at the NTSB's unwillingness to speculate on a cause, one FBI agent described the NTSB as "No opinions. So far, only a couple of families have received the reports, and Dr. Wetli declined to give specifics. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The date on the photograph shows as May 20, 1997. [64], The crash of TWA Flight 800, and that of ValuJet Flight 592 earlier in 1996, prompted Congress to pass the Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996 as part of the federal aviation appropriations bill. [1]:261 There were 50USgal (190L) of fuel in the CWT of TWA 800;[50] tests recreating the conditions of the flight showed the combination of liquid fuel and fuel-air vapor to be flammable. [1]:256, Investigators considered several possible causes for the structural breakup - structural failure and decompression, detonation of a high-energy explosive device, such as a missile warhead exploding either upon impact with the airplane, or just before impact, a bomb exploding inside the airplane, or a fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank. But Wetli added: "We see Quincy' on TV, and he identifies people very quickly. [1]:258259 Testing conducted by the FAA's Technical Center indicated that residues of the type of explosives found on the wreckage would dissipate completely after two days of immersion in sea water (almost all recovered wreckage was immersed longer than two days). [1]:258 Of the 5% of the fuselage that was not recovered, none of the missing areas was large enough to have covered all the damage that would have been caused by the detonation of a bomb or missile. On June 19, 2013, the NTSB acknowledged in a press release that they received a petition for reconsideration of its investigation into the July 17, 1996, crash of TWA Flight 800. "[1]:265 In addition, 18 witnesses reported seeing a streak of light that originated at the surface, or the horizon, which did not "appear to be consistent with the airplane's calculated flightpath and other known aspects of the accident sequence. [1]:270 The NTSB further concluded, "the witnesses' observations of one or more fireballs were of the airplane's burning wreckage falling toward the ocean". Medical investigators were holding up remarkably well as they went about their gruesome work -- opening body bags, removing corpses, examining them in painstaking detail -- when a forensic dentist looked up from one of the bodies and told his colleagues: "I know this person.". [1]:6[10][11] On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) about 4:38 pm. 25, p. 90, Three sequences of primary returns near TWA 800 that were only recorded by the Islip radar[1]:fig. Childhood leukemia at any time, either TWA 800 accident was: [ 1 ]:93 None of these intersected... Connecting to the water of them on the Boeing 747 cause of the aircraft was located furthest... 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