John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. As stated previously, part of what the Cree wanted to be reflected by the terms of Treaty 6 was an end to the factionalism that had pitted the younger members of the Cree community against the older Indigenous Leadership. Treaty 45 and Treaty 72 The SON are signatories to various. However, Big Bear was forced by starvation to adhere to Treaty 6 in 1882 and settled into the Frog Lake area. Currently the band controls 20,573.80 hectares of land, the largest block of which is located 26 kms west of North Battleford. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signedTREATY 6on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. [13] Cree societies were split into different roles, such as the Chief, which was the title Sweet Grass held. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. They agreed with much of what was being said, however, they wanted to ensure their survival, and that the Great Queen Mother would look after them. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. [15] This figure held no real identity and did not appear to anyone in visions or contact. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. This would lead high mortality rates within the community. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. It is ours and we will take what we want.. The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Anthony Hall, Earth Into Property: Colonization, Decolonization, and Capitalism (2010). He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Christensen 270). The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. They needed to know what the government planned to do to help the people suffering due to the decimation of the buffalo and disease that had killed many. Schools were to be established on reserves. While a chief, Sweet Grass noticed the starvation and economic hardship the Cree were facing. John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). Are catch-up contributions subject to ADP testing. Draft that endured throughout its provisions requiring domestic legal obligations on us law on behalf, led russia to executive to a window. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. The Michel Callihoo band continues to lobby the federal government for these rights (see Rights of Indigenous Peoples). In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) The event was organized to commemorate the signing of Treaty No. Sweet Grass believed that working alongside the government was one of the only solutions to the daily hardship the Cree were faced with. Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. 1 What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. Its territory is located 35 kilometers west of Battleford. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. Treaties were a way of settling disputes for land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes, and ending wars. Morris then explained to the group that the Crown would create reserves for their people and would assist them in farming initiatives, without interfer[ing] with their present mode of living. Morris never explicitly discussed the concept of land cession. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. During one hunt Sweetgrass's horse was unable to remain calm, which was affecting the hunting of buffalo. [47] This would be Sweetgrass's last significant influence on his people, as he would die shortly after signing the Treaty. A representative from Chief Beardys group suggested they rent the land while others suggested they refuse the Treaty altogether. He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Treaty No. Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. [3] He believed that the insect had taken pity on him which guided him to become a chief. James Rodger Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-making in Canada (2009). Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. . [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). There were also village elders and warriors. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. . Wandering Spirit stayed in power for the duration of the uprising while Big Bear counselled for peace and protecting the white prisoners. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Are Siksika Blackfoot? Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. [40] Although it is not known which of the Cree Chiefs supported an unexpected attack on a Blackfoot Chief, it is known that Sweet Grass was not among them. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [7] There is no record of whether Sweet Grass and his mother took part in this ceremony. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. As Europeans began to set up colonies in North America, missionaries went among the indigenous people to spread their religion. Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. [20] It was not uncommon for there to be more than one chief who would have various levels of prestige. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. Treaty making (as evidence by the Wampum belts) demonstrates that indigenous people felt. Mtis observer and translator, Peter Erasmus noted that Morris was shaken by the incident. [1] The exact date and place of his birth is unrecorded. Our young men are foolish, it may not last long. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. These included rights that indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Morris knew that he was offering more than the government would have wanted, but he felt it necessary to finalize the deal. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. [35] Sweet Grass beliefs clashed with that of Big Bear who believed that a Confederacy needed to be formed as a united front in order to get the best terms for all. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. [3] They bonded over sharing the characteristic of being small, but mighty warriors. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day, On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Sweet Grass was one of the Chiefs who was more willing to work with them. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. Big Bear and Little Pine also believed in the sovereignty of their own Nations and were opposed to the idea of another Nation governing and applying their laws to them. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. If they were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation in goods and land. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. The rest of the Cree assembled there three days later. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. This took much time but the Chiefs appeared to be satisfied with what the government was offering. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. That is all.. The total area of the Treaty stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba; and inlcudes 50 First Nations. If you need assistance, please contact us directly. The City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations co-hosted the first Treaty No. As a well respected Cree leader during a time of strife, Sweet Grass attempted to lead his people as best as he could. Many chiefs signed adhesions to Treaty 6 in the years after 1876, seeing it as the only viable option to protect their people and provide a better life for them. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [25] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. The Indigenous leaders then held council for the rest of the day. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by . These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. So they were not present during the negotiations. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. They agreed with much of what was being said, however, they wanted to ensure their survival, and that the Great Queen Mother would look after them. Were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation goods... 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